Vol. 10, Issue 8, Part C (2024)

Abstract
Successful endodontic treatment hinges on meticulous chemo-mechanical preparation, elimination of microbial toxins, thorough irrigation, and complete root canal obturation. Hand and rotary instrumentation are pivotal in removing microorganisms through direct mechanical cleansing. The primary goal of instrumentation is to facilitate effective disinfection, irrigation, and filling. However, the complex root canal morphology, characterized by curved apical thirds, apical deltas, narrow isthmuses, and oval or ribbon-shaped canals, poses challenges to mechanical cleaning. These inaccessible areas harbor bacteria, contributing significantly to endodontic failures and the development of pulpal and periapical diseases. Achieving complete canal disinfection with a single irrigant is arduous; thus, employing multiple effective irrigation activation system is essential. This review article aims to elucidate contemporary methods for effective irrigation in light of recent advancements.