Vol. 1, Issue 6, Part C (2015)

Abstract
Peptides and proteins are biologically important biomolecules important to all living systems. Mammals, including humans, use many peptide molecules as signaling hormones, and the role of proteins is important in cell structure and function. Peptides are derived from proteins, perform biological functions in all areas of life, and act as signaling agents involved in protein-protein interactions that are essential to all biological processes. Almost all human diseases are closely related to the function of peptides and proteins, and many peptides and proteins have been used for disease prevention and treatment. Despite the presence of more than 10,000 different proteins in human cells, the role of many peptides is still not fully understood. Even the most well-studied peptides and proteins still face various obstacles to their development as research tools and clinical drugs. This review focuses on the chemistry of peptides with their role in antibiotics and hormones, their use against bacteria, and their application as prophylactics. Limitations and challenges that limit the therapeutic application of peptides are highlighted.