Vol. 8, Issue 8, Part E (2022)

The foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 marked a pivotal moment in the development of modern nationalism in India. This emergence was rooted in the rise of associations led by middle-class professionals, replacing earlier dominance by urban elites. The 1870s saw a shift towards coordinated political action among provinces, fostering a sense of unity. The nationalist movement thrived through a growing public sphere, encompassing vernacular newspapers and quasi-political professional groups. The INC's formation wasn't a mere British imposition; it stemmed from ideological motivations and Indian leaders seeking a platform for dialogue. Disappointments like failed liberal reforms and the Ilbert Bill controversy drove Indian leaders to recognize the need for a united organization. The INC became a significant symbol of resistance, unity, and collective action, leading India towards eventual independence.